30个Python操作小技巧
1、列表推导
列表的元素可以在一行中进行方便的循环。
numbers = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8]
even_numbers = [number for number in numbers if number % 2 == 0]
print(even_numbers)
输出:
[1,3,5,7]
同时,也可以用在字典上。
dictionary = {'first_num': 1, 'second_num': 2,
'third_num': 3, 'fourth_num': 4}
oddvalues = {key: value for (key, value) in dictionary.items() if value % 2 != 0}
print(oddvalues)Output: {'first_num': 1, 'third_num': 3}
2、枚举函数
枚举是一个有用的函数,用于迭代对象,如列表、字典或文件。该函数生成一个元组,其中包括通过对象迭代获得的值以及循环计数器(从0的起始位置)。当您希望根据索引编写代码时,循环计数器很方便。
sentence = 'Just do It'
length = len(sentence)
for index, element in enumerate(sentence):
print('{}: {}'.format(index, element))
if index == 0:
print('The first element!')
elif index == length - 1:
print('The last element!')
3、通过函数返回多个值
在设计函数时,我们经常希望返回多个值。这里我们将介绍两种典型的方法:
方法一
最简单的方式就是返回一个tuple。
get_student 函数,它根据员工的ID号以元组形式返回员工的名字和姓氏。
# returning a tuple.
def get_student(id_num):
if id_num == 0:
return 'Taha', 'Nate'
elif id_num == 1:
return 'Jakub', 'Abdal'
else:
raise Exception('No Student with this id: {}'.format(id_num))
Student = get_student(0)
print('first_name: {}, last_name: {}'.format(Student[0], Student[1]))
方法二、
返回一个字典类型。因为字典是键、值对,我们可以命名返回的值,这比元组更直观。
# returning a dictionary
def get_data(id_num):
if id_num == 0:
return {'first_name': 'Muhammad', 'last_name': 'Taha', 'title': 'Data Scientist', 'department': 'A', 'date_joined': '20200807'}
elif id_num == 1:
return {'first_name': 'Ryan', 'last_name': 'Gosling', 'title': 'Data Engineer', 'department': 'B', 'date_joined': '20200809'}
else:
raise Exception('No employee with this id: {}'.format(id_num))
employee = get_data(0)
print('first_name: {},nlast_name: {},ntitle: {},ndepartment: {},ndate_joined: {}'.format(
employee['first_name'], employee['last_name'], employee['title'], employee['department'], employee['date_joined']))
4、像数学一样比较多个数字
如果你有一个值,并希望将其与其他两个值进行比较,则可以使用以下基本数学表达式:1<x<30。
你也许经常使用的是这种
1<x and x<30
在python中,你可以这么使用
x = 5
print(1<x<30)
5、将字符串转换为字符串列表:
当你输入 "[[1, 2, 3],[4, 5, 6]]" 时,你想转换为列表,你可以这么做。
import ast
def string_to_list(string):
return ast.literal_eval(string)
string = "[[1, 2, 3],[4, 5, 6]]"
my_list = string_to_list(string)
print(my_list)
6、对于Else方法
Python 中 esle 特殊的用法。
number_List = [1, 3, 8, 9,1]
for number in number_List:
if number % 2 == 0:
print(number)
break
else:
print("No even numbers!!")
7、在列表中查找n个最大或n个最小的元素
使用 heapq 模块在列表中查找n个最大或n个最小的元素。
import heapq
numbers = [80, 25, 68, 77, 95, 88, 30, 55, 40, 50]
print(heapq.nlargest(5, numbers))
print(heapq.nsmallest(5, numbers))
8、在不循环的情况下重复整个字符串
value = "Taha"
print(value * 5)
print("-" * 21)
9、从列表中查找元素的索引
cities= ['Vienna', 'Amsterdam', 'Paris', 'Berlin']
print(cities.index('Berlin'))
10、在同一行中打印多个元素?
print("Analytics", end="")
print("Vidhya")
print("Analytics", end=" ")
print("Vidhya")
print('Data', 'science', 'blogathon', '12', sep=', ')
输出
AnalyticsVidhya
Analytics Vidhya
Data, science, blogathon, 12
11、把大数字分开以便于阅读
有时,当你试图打印一个大数字时,传递整数真的很混乱,而且很难阅读。然后可以使用下划线,使其易于阅读。
print(5_000_000_000_000)
print(7_543_291_635)
输出:
5000000000000
7543291635
12、反转列表的切片
切片列表时,需要传递最小、最大和步长。要以相反的顺序进行切片,只需传递负步长。让我们来看一个例子:
sentence = "Data science blogathon"
print(sentence[21:0:-1])
输出
nohtagolb ecneics ata
13、 “is” 和 “==” 的区别。
如果要检查两个变量是否指向同一个对象,则需要使用“is”
但是,如果要检查两个变量是否相同,则需要使用“==”。
list1 = [7, 9, 4]
list2 = [7, 9, 4]
print(list1 == list2)
print(list1 is list2)
list3 = list1
print(list3 is list1)
输出
True
False
True
14、在一行代码中合并两个词典。
first_dct = {"London": 1, "Paris": 2}
second_dct = {"Tokyo": 3, "Seol": 4}
merged = {**first_dct, **second_dct}
print(merged)
输出
{‘London’: 1, ‘Paris’: 2, ‘Tokyo’: 3, ‘Seol’: 4}
15、识别字符串是否以特定字母开头
sentence = "Analytics Vidhya"
print(sentence.startswith("b"))
print(sentence.startswith("A"))
16、获得字符的Unicode
print(ord("T"))
print(ord("A"))
print(ord("h"))
print(ord("a"))
17、获取字典的键值对
cities = {'London': 1, 'Paris': 2, 'Tokyo': 3, 'Seol': 4}
for key, value in cities.items():
print(f"Key: {key} and Value: {value}")
18、在列表的特定位置添加值
cities = ["London", "Vienna", "Rome"]
cities.append("Seoul")
print("After append:", cities)
cities.insert(0, "Berlin")
print("After insert:", cities)
输出:
[‘London’, ‘Vienna’, ‘Rome’, ‘Seoul’] After insert: [‘Berlin’, ‘London’, ‘Vienna’, ‘Rome’, ‘Seoul’]
19、Filter() 函数
它通过在其中传递的特定函数过滤特定迭代器,并且返回一个迭代器。
mixed_number = [8, 15, 25, 30,34,67,90,5,12]
filtered_value = filter(lambda x: x > 20, mixed_number)
print(f"Before filter: {mixed_number}")
print(f"After filter: {list(filtered_value)}")
输出:
Before filter: [8, 15, 25, 30, 34, 67, 90, 5, 12]
After filter: [25, 30, 34, 67, 90]
20、创建一个没有参数个数限制的函数
def multiplication(*arguments):
mul = 1
for i in arguments:
mul = mul * i
return mul
print(multiplication(3, 4, 5))
print(multiplication(5, 8, 10, 3))
print(multiplication(8, 6, 15, 20, 5))
输出:
60
1200
72000
21、一次迭代两个或多个列表
capital = ['Vienna', 'Paris', 'Seoul',"Rome"]
countries = ['Austria', 'France', 'South Korea',"Italy"]
for cap, country in zip(capital, countries):
print(f"{cap} is the capital of {country}")
22、检查对象使用的内存大小
import sys
mul = 5*6
print(sys.getsizeof(mul))
23、 Map() 函数
map() 函数用于将特定函数应用于给定迭代器。
values_list = [8, 10, 6, 50]
quotient = map(lambda x: x/2, values_list)
print(f"Before division: {values_list}")
print(f"After division: {list(quotient)}")
24、计算 item 在列表中出现的次数
可以在 list 上调用 count 函数。
cities= ["Amsterdam", "Berlin", "New York", "Seoul", "Tokyo", "Paris", "Paris","Vienna","Paris"]
print("Paris appears", cities.count("Paris"), "times in the list")
25、在元组或列表中查找元素的索引
cities_tuple = ("Berlin", "Paris", 5, "Vienna", 10)
print(cities_tuple.index("Paris"))
cities_list = ['Vienna', 'Paris', 'Seoul',"Amsterdam"]
print(cities_list.index("Amsterdam"))
26、2个 set 进行 join 操作
set1 = {'Vienna', 'Paris', 'Seoul'}
set2 = {"Tokyo", "Rome",'Amsterdam'}
print(set1.union(set2))
27、根据频率对列表的值进行排序
from collections import Counter
count = Counter([7, 6, 5, 6, 8, 6, 6, 6])
print(count)
print("Sort values according their frequency:", count.most_common())
输出:
Counter({6: 5, 7: 1, 5: 1, 8: 1})
Sort values according their frequency: [(6, 5), (7, 1), (5, 1), (8, 1)]
28、从列表中删除重复值
cities_list = ['Vienna', 'Paris', 'Seoul',"Amsterdam","Paris","Amsterdam","Paris"]
cities_list = set(cities_list)
print("After removing the duplicate values from the list:",list(cities_list))
29、找出两个列表之间的差异
cities_list1 = ['Vienna', 'Paris', 'Seoul',"Amsterdam", "Berlin", "London"]
cities_list2 = ['Vienna', 'Paris', 'Seoul',"Amsterdam"]
cities_set1 = set(cities_list1)
cities_set2 = set(cities_list2)
difference = list(cities_set1.symmetric_difference(cities_set2))
print(difference)
30、将两个不同的列表转换为一个字典
number = [1, 2, 3]
cities = ['Vienna', 'Paris', 'Seoul']
result = dict(zip(number, cities))
print(result)
作者:程序员学长
来源:juejin.cn/post/7126728825274105886